扑克牌英语来源英语的扑克牌来源、.1楼的袮是直接用网上翻译的吧，都说是简单的了。

扑克牌英语来源英语的扑克牌来源、.1楼的袮是直接用网上翻译的吧，都说是简单的了。
扑克牌英语来源
英语的扑克牌来源、
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1楼的袮是直接用网上翻译的吧，都说是简单的了。

扑克牌英语来源英语的扑克牌来源、.1楼的袮是直接用网上翻译的吧，都说是简单的了。
Playing cards were found in China as early as the 9th century during the Tang Dynasty (618鈥?07),when relatives of a princess played a "leaf game".[1][2][3] The Tang writer Su E (obtained a jinshi degree in 885) stated that Princess Tongchang 70),daughter of Emperor Yizong of Tang (r.860鈥?74),played the leaf game with members of the Wei clan to pass the time.[4] The Song Dynasty (960鈥?279) scholar Ouyang Xiu (1007鈥?072) asserted that card games existed since the mid Tang Dynasty and associated their invention with the simultaneous development of using sheets or pages instead of paper rolls as a writing medium.[5][4] A book called Yezi Gexi was allegedly written by a Tang era woman,and was commented on by Chinese writers of subsequent dynasties.[5]
Ancient Chinese "money cards" have four "suits":coins (or cash),strings of coins (which may have been misinterpreted as sticks from crude drawings),myriads of strings,and tens of myriads.These were represented by ideograms,with numerals of 2鈥?in the first three suits and numerals 1鈥?in the "tens of myriads".Wilkinson suggests that the first cards may have been actual paper currency which were both the tools of gaming and the stakes being played for.[6] The designs on modern Mahjong tiles likely evolved from those earliest playing cards.However,it may be that the first deck of cards ever printed was a Chinese domino deck,in whose cards we can see all the 21 combinations of a pair of dice.In Kuei-t'ien-lu,a Chinese text redacted in the 11th century,we find that dominoes cards were printed during the Tang Dynasty,contemporary to the first printed books.The Chinese word p谩i (鐗?is used to describe both paper cards and gaming tiles.
An Indian origin for playing cards has been suggested by the resemblance of symbols on some early European decks (traditional Sicilian cards,for example) to the ring,sword,cup,and baton classically depicted in the four hands of Indian statues.[citation needed]
The time and manner of the introduction of cards into Europe are matters of dispute.The 38th canon of the council of Worcester (1240)[7] is often quoted as evidence of cards having been known in England in the middle of the 13th century,but the games de rege et regina (on the king and the queen) there mentioned are now thought to more likely have been chess.
If cards were generally known in Europe as early as 1278 ,it is very remarkable that Petrarch,in his work De remediis utriusque fortunae (On the remedies of good/bad fortunes) that treats gaming,never once mentions them.Boccaccio,Chaucer and other writers of that time specifically refer to various games,but there is not a single passage in their works that can be fairly construed to refer to cards.Passages have been quoted from various works,of or relative to this period,but modern research leads to the supposition that the word rendered cards has often been mistranslated or interpolated.
A miniature of courtiers playing cards with the king can be found in the Roman du Roy Meliadus de Leonnoys (c.1352),produced for King Louis II of Naples.
It is likely that the precursor of modern cards arrived in Europe from the Mamelukes of Egypt in the late 1300s,by which time they had already assumed a form very close to that in use today.In particular,the Mameluke deck contained 52 cards comprising four "suits":polo sticks,coins,swords,and cups.Each suit contained ten "spot" cards (cards identified by the number of suit symbols or "pips" they show) and three "court" cards named malik (King),n膩'ib malik (Viceroy or Deputy King),and th膩n墨 n膩'ib (Second or Under-Deputy).The Mameluke court cards showed abstract designs not depicting persons (at least not in any surviving specimens) though they did bear the names of military officers.
A complete pack of Mameluke playing cards was discovered by Leo Mayer in the Topkapi Palace,Istanbul,in 1939[8]; this particular complete pack was not made before 1400,but the complete deck allowed matching to a private fragment dated to the twelfth or thirteenth century.In effect it's not a complete deck,but there are cards of three different packs of the same style.[9] There is some evidence to suggest that this deck may have evolved from an earlier 48-card deck that had only two court cards per suit,and some further evidence to suggest that earlier Chinese cards brought to Europe may have travelled to Persia,which then influenced the Mameluke and other Egyptian cards of the time before their reappearance.
It is not known whether these cards influenced the design of the Indian cards used for the game of Ganjifa,or whether the Indian cards may have influenced these.Regardless,the Indian cards have many distinctive features:they are round,generally hand painted with intricate designs,and comprise more than four suits (often as many as thirty two,like a deck in the Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum,painted in the Mewar,a city in Rajasthan,between the 18th and 19th century.Decks used to play have from eight up to twenty different suits).

Playing cards were found in China as early as the 9th century during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), when relatives of a princess played a "leaf game".[1][2][3] The Tang writer Su E (obtained a jinshi deg...

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Playing cards were found in China as early as the 9th century during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), when relatives of a princess played a "leaf game".[1][2][3] The Tang writer Su E (obtained a jinshi degree in 885) stated that Princess Tongchang (?–870), daughter of Emperor Yizong of Tang (r. 860–874), played the leaf game with members of the Wei clan to pass the time.[4] The Song Dynasty (960–1279) scholar Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) asserted that card games existed since the mid Tang Dynasty and associated their invention with the simultaneous development of using sheets or pages instead of paper rolls as a writing medium.[5][4] A book called Yezi Gexi was allegedly written by a Tang era woman, and was commented on by Chinese writers of subsequent dynasties.[5]
Ancient Chinese "money cards" have four "suits": coins (or cash), strings of coins (which may have been misinterpreted as sticks from crude drawings), myriads of strings, and tens of myriads. These were represented by ideograms, with numerals of 2–9 in the first three suits and numerals 1–9 in the "tens of myriads". Wilkinson suggests that the first cards may have been actual paper currency which were both the tools of gaming and the stakes being played for.[6] The designs on modern Mahjong tiles likely evolved from those earliest playing cards. However, it may be that the first deck of cards ever printed was a Chinese domino deck, in whose cards we can see all the 21 combinations of a pair of dice. In Kuei-t'ien-lu, a Chinese text redacted in the 11th century, we find that dominoes cards were printed during the Tang Dynasty, contemporary to the first printed books. The Chinese word pái (牌) is used to describe both paper cards and gaming tiles.
An Indian origin for playing cards has been suggested by the resemblance of symbols on some early European decks (traditional Sicilian cards, for example) to the ring, sword, cup, and baton classically depicted in the four hands of Indian statues.[citation needed]
The time and manner of the introduction of cards into Europe are matters of dispute. The 38th canon of the council of Worcester (1240)[7] is often quoted as evidence of cards having been known in England in the middle of the 13th century, but the games de rege et regina (on the king and the queen) there mentioned are now thought to more likely have been chess.
If cards were generally known in Europe as early as 1278 , it is very remarkable that Petrarch, in his work De remediis utriusque fortunae (On the remedies of good/bad fortunes) that treats gaming, never once mentions them. Boccaccio, Chaucer and other writers of that time specifically refer to various games, but there is not a single passage in their works that can be fairly construed to refer to cards. Passages have been quoted from various works, of or relative to this period, but modern research leads to the supposition that the word rendered cards has often been mistranslated or interpolated.
A miniature of courtiers playing cards with the king can be found in the Roman du Roy Meliadus de Leonnoys (c. 1352), produced for King Louis II of Naples.
It is likely that the precursor of modern cards arrived in Europe from the Mamelukes of Egypt in the late 1300s, by which time they had already assumed a form very close to that in use today. In particular, the Mameluke deck contained 52 cards comprising four "suits": polo sticks, coins, swords, and cups. Each suit contained ten "spot" cards (cards identified by the number of suit symbols or "pips" they show) and three "court" cards named malik (King), nā'ib malik (Viceroy or Deputy King), and thānī nā'ib (Second or Under-Deputy). The Mameluke court cards showed abstract designs not depicting persons (at least not in any surviving specimens) though they did bear the names of military officers.
A complete pack of Mameluke playing cards was discovered by Leo Mayer in the Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, in 1939[8]; this particular complete pack was not made before 1400, but the complete deck allowed matching to a private fragment dated to the twelfth or thirteenth century. In effect it's not a complete deck, but there are cards of three different packs of the same style.[9] There is some evidence to suggest that this deck may have evolved from an earlier 48-card deck that had only two court cards per suit, and some further evidence to suggest that earlier Chinese cards brought to Europe may have travelled to Persia, which then influenced the Mameluke and other Egyptian cards of the time before their reappearance.
It is not known whether these cards influenced the design of the Indian cards used for the game of Ganjifa, or whether the Indian cards may have influenced these. Regardless, the Indian cards have many distinctive features: they are round, generally hand painted with intricate designs, and comprise more than four suits (often as many as thirty two, like a deck in the Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum, painted in the Mewar, a city in Rajasthan, between the 18th and 19th century. Decks used to play have from eight up to twenty different suits).

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英语里是 poker, 读成中文里的扑克